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NEW QUESTION # 53
For the National Australia Bank - FX Options case study, which was the major cause of the loss event?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Overview of the National Australia Bank (NAB) FX Options Case Study
Traders at National Australia Bank (NAB) engaged in unauthorized foreign exchange (FX) options trading.
They smoothed profits and concealed losses using fictitious transactions and manipulated reporting.
This led to a major financial scandal and loss of investor confidence.
Key Findings of the Investigation
Traders artificially smoothed profits to avoid drawing attention to large fluctuations.
Losses were concealed from internal risk controls by manipulating trade records.
The bank's risk management and governance controls failed to detect and prevent these activities.
Why Other Answers Are Incorrect
Option
Explanation:
A . Currency traders were allowed access to the risk system by the CEO.
Incorrect - No evidence suggests CEO involvement in granting system access.
B . Currency traders concealed losses using back-office knowledge.
Incorrect - While they concealed losses, they also smoothed profits to manipulate earnings trends.
D . Currency traders were able to complete a Management Buy Out (MBO).
Incorrect - This event was not related to a Management Buyout (MBO); it was a trading scandal.
PRMIA Reference for Verification
PRMIA Fraud and Risk Management Case Studies
Basel Principles on Market Risk and Internal Control Failures
NEW QUESTION # 54
Which of the follow is not included in PRMIA's 10 principles of good governance?
Answer: D
Explanation:
PRMIA's 10 Principles of Good Governance
PRMIA outlines 10 key principles that focus on risk governance, accountability, transparency, and risk management effectiveness.
These principles ensure strong risk governance structures for financial institutions.
Why Answer B is Correct
Holding the PRM Designation (Professional Risk Manager certification) is NOT a governance principle.
While PRMIA promotes risk education, governance principles focus on organizational risk structures, not individual certifications.
Why Other Answers Are Incorrect
Option
Explanation:
A . Risk appetite.
Correct - PRMIA governance principles include establishing a clear risk appetite.
C . External validation.
Correct - External audits and validation improve governance and risk transparency.
D . Clear accountability.
Correct - Governance principles emphasize clear accountability at all levels of management.
PRMIA Reference for Verification
PRMIA 10 Principles of Good Governance
Basel Corporate Governance Guidelines for Financial Institutions
NEW QUESTION # 55
Which of the following statements best defines the properties of top-down key risk indicators?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Definition of Key Risk Indicators (KRIs)
KRIs are quantitative metrics used to monitor risk levels and detect early warning signs of potential risk events.
Top-down KRIs are identified at the senior management level and focus on enterprise-wide risk exposure.
Key Properties of Top-Down KRIs
Selected by senior management to ensure alignment with strategic objectives.
Tied to material external and internal loss exposures to capture critical financial, operational, and strategic risks.
Used to manage changes in the business environment to ensure proactive risk response, especially under stress conditions.
Why Other Answers Are Incorrect
Option
Explanation:
B . Selected by senior management, used to manage changes in the business environment, especially under periods of stress, and reported on a daily basis.
Incorrect - Top-down KRIs are not reported daily; they are monitored periodically (e.g., quarterly).
C . Selected by junior management, used to manage changes in the business environment, especially under periods of stress, and reported on an annual basis.
Incorrect - Junior management does not define top-down KRIs; senior management does. Also, annual reporting is too infrequent.
D . Can only be selected by the board in line with risk ratings.
Incorrect - The board provides oversight, but senior risk management selects KRIs, not just the board.
PRMIA Reference for Verification
PRMIA Risk Indicator Guidelines
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) Principles for Effective Risk Data Aggregation
NEW QUESTION # 56
Risk Sensitive pricing is required for several good reasons. Which one of the following is not relevant to the Management's evaluation of the correct approach to Risk Sensitive pricing?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Risk-sensitive pricing ensures that financial institutions and businesses properly account for risk in their pricing strategies to maintain stability and sustainability. PRMIA's Risk Pricing and Capital Adequacy Guidelines define the importance of risk-sensitive pricing in ensuring fair compensation for risk exposure and avoiding risk concentration issues.
Step 1: Why Risk-Sensitive Pricing Is Important
Aligns risk with return: Pricing should be designed to reflect the underlying risk and return trade-off.
Protects investors: Investors expect compensation for capital at risk (Option A is correct).
Reinforces risk-aware culture: PRMIA promotes linking incentives to risk-adjusted returns (Option B is correct).
Prevents adverse selection: Proper risk pricing prevents low-quality assets from accumulating (Option C is correct).
Step 2: Why Option D Is Incorrect
Income targets are business-driven, not risk-driven.
Risk-sensitive pricing aims to balance risk and reward, not just maximize revenue.
PRMIA discourages profit-seeking behavior at the expense of risk considerations.
PRMIA Risk Reference Used:
PRMIA Risk Pricing Guidelines - Defines the principles of risk-sensitive pricing.
PRMIA Risk-Adjusted Return Standards - Stresses linking incentives to risk-aware decisions.
PRMIA Capital Adequacy Framework - Highlights the role of risk-sensitive pricing in portfolio management.
Final Conclusion:
Risk-sensitive pricing is designed to align returns with risk exposure, not simply to meet or exceed income targets, making Option D the correct answer.
NEW QUESTION # 57
When a single operational risk event leads to losses in multiple business lines or impacts across several event types, how should these linked losses be treated?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Step 1: Understanding Linked Losses in Operational Risk
In operational risk events, a single event can impact multiple business lines or event types (e.g., IT failure affecting retail banking and wealth management).
Proper loss attribution is important for accurate risk reporting and regulatory compliance under Basel III.
Step 2: Why Option C is Correct
Basel III and PRMIA guidance allow institutions flexibility in how to allocate linked losses:
Entire loss can be allocated to the business line with the largest loss impact for simplified reporting.
Loss can be pro-rated across affected business lines for more accurate attribution.
Step 3: Why the Other Options Are Incorrect
Option A ("Allocate entire loss to the business line with the greatest loss") → Partially correct, but not always required-some firms prefer pro-rating.
Option B ("Pro-rate the loss") → Partially correct, but allocating to the largest impacted business line is also acceptable.
Option D ("Each business line decides how to treat losses") → Incorrect because loss allocation should follow a defined policy, not business line discretion.
PRMIA Risk Reference Used:
Basel III Operational Risk Framework - Discusses loss attribution for multi-line impact events.
PRMIA Loss Event Management Guidelines - Supports both full allocation and pro-rating.
Final Conclusion:
Firms can either allocate the full loss to the most impacted business line or pro-rate it across affected lines, making Option C the correct answer.
NEW QUESTION # 58
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